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The biggest challenge to help you conducting empirical knowledge toward dowry ‘s the lack or inadequacy of data

The biggest challenge to help you conducting empirical knowledge toward dowry ‘s the lack or inadequacy of data

2.2 Difficulties with existing study

Because dowry is actually legitimately blocked within the India and you can Bangladesh, anybody usually think twice to let you know direct dowry amounts. The product quality concern on dowry from the Indian dataset requires throughout the community-depending dowry. Like, this new Asia People Innovation Questionnaire requires “Generally in your community to have children eg your, which are the variety of things that are given once the gifts during the brand new daughter’s wedding?” A community-situated dowry is not the just like an individual dowry, that’s paid down from the bride’s parents in the course of relationships. Alternatively, the question regarding dowry allows just a digital address, we.e., regardless of if an optimistic number of dowry is actually paid down (e.g., Questionnaire to your Condition of females and you can Fertility in India and Pakistan). A digital respond to, however, will not promote far info. Typical out-of if an optimistic dowry matter emerges corresponds to, that is largely informed me by, cultural, religious, and status experiences into the Southern China.

Given that dowry isn’t legitimately banned within the Pakistan, the amount directly paid by the female respondent’s mothers is going to be requested in place of reservation inside a great Pakistani dataset including the Pakistan Outlying Domestic Survey. Even if Pakistani interviewees may well not purposefully conceal true information regarding dowry means, new survey can get nevertheless incorporate remember errors as respondents need keep in mind the fresh new dowry matter paid down because of the the parents previously. Contour 1a plots of land the fresh new predict level of genuine dowry values mentioned within the Pakistani Rupees into the 2004 to relationship season using analysis regarding the Pakistan Rural Household Survey. Just like the opinion is that genuine dowry quantity are expanding, or at least showcase a non-decreasing development, the new contour indicates the entire tendency from bear in mind errors. This means that, this new stretched the fresh gap between your interviewees’ relationships and recall big date, the more likely he’s in order to overestimate the new dowry amount.

Relationship ranging from ladies ounts. The newest range reveals the brand new predict real quantity of dowry regressed to the ladies’ relationships season. The brand new shaded area shows 95% trust interval of one’s predicted amount of dowry. The information resources of (a) and you may (b) try Pakistan Rural Home Questionnaire 2004, while the rural domestic survey conducted by writer when you look at the 2013, correspondingly

step 3 Analysis

To your good the studies, analysis collected inside studies will be very first to look at clearly a standard habit of overestimate an expense reduced lengthy in the past. Just like the services out of in earlier times collected study, ours also are retrospective; however, predicated on which desire, i instance accompanied certain services to attenuate questionnaire bear in mind errors. For example, we wanted the amount of both neighborhood-created dowry (non-retrospective) and personal dowry count paid back during brand new respondent’s wedding (retrospective). Since Pakistani dowry consists of silver/precious jewelry, clothes, seats, cooking utensils, etc, we queried dowry number by the product. If we noticed an effective respondent’s overestimation of dowry count, particularly in the situation out-of a married relationship you to definitely took place good lifetime ago, because dowry Syrisk kvinner for ekteskap try demonstrated, we are able to and you may did examine these types of number which have people that attended the latest service. For that reason, our study towards predicted real degrees of dowry (Fig. 1b) do not tell you any coming down pattern, alternatively having those said when you look at the Fig. 1a.

step 3.1 Questionnaire

When conducting our survey between , we intended to capture the heterogeneous aspects of the Punjab province in Pakistan. We divided Punjab (36 districts) into five regions: Pothohar (or North), Central, East, West, and South Punjab. Climate, culture (including marriage/inheritance practices), and socioeconomic conditions differ across regions but are similar within each region. We randomly selected one district from each region, namely, Rawalpindi, Mandi Bahauddin, Narowal, Muzaffargarh, and Bahawalnagar (Fig. 2). We used the district census for 1998–1999, the latest census available in Pakistan as of 2013, to randomly select six villages in rural areas in each of the five districts. We restricted sampling villages to those with a population of at least 1000 at the time of the census. In each village, we selected 22 households, following a stratified random sampling methodology. First, with assistance from the village chief, we made a list of households in the village and categorized them into a stratum. The strata are kammees Footnote 10 (i.e., traditional service or lower caste, with annual income ? PKR 200,000, > PKR 200,000) and zamindars (i.e., landowning farmers with land < 5,>12.5 acres). Eligible households in our survey are defined as those with an economically active husband and wife aged 15–65. Second, we performed stratified random sampling so that the share of each stratum in our sample corresponds to the share of each stratum of the village population (= households).